3D printing has moved onto new frontiers with researchers developing a method using which DNA can be folded into 3D structures of virtually any shape you may think of.
Researchers from Aalto University made a mesh model of the targeted 3D structure, the kinds of which are used in computer graphics and industrial design. Though this method, researchers say, it is possible to represent the input model as DNA sequences that combine into the desired structure in a saline solution using the ‘DNA origami’ technique.
The researchers carried out tests in saline solutions of varying concentrations to confirm that the designed DNA strands hybridise into the desired shapes even in saline solutions matching the natural low salt concentration of the body. The result has recently been published in the science journal Nature.
‘An advantage of the design method we have developed is that we were able to make the process entirely automatic to create even complex structures. Previous approaches to the generation of three-dimensional DNA structures have been based on manual work, and the structures created have been quite simple. I believe that advanced computing methods will be of major significance for the development of DNA nanotechnology when steps are taken to proceed from the scale of laboratory tests towards groundbreaking applications,’ says Professor Pekka Orponen from Aalto University.
The new method makes it possible to synthesise three-dimensional DNA structures of virtually any shape. The technology is of immediate use to basic research in cell biology and, in the more distant future, to the development of smart drugs, for example, and of biosensor molecules with applications in monitoring the condition of the body or the environment.
‘For biological use, we need structures that fold in and retain their shape not only in a laboratory setting but also in physiological saline solutions. The new synthesis and design method also makes more effective use of the DNA material than the previous approaches, making it possible to synthesise increasingly complex structures,’ says leader of the study, Professor Björn Högberg from Karolinska Institutet.
The structures generated using the method are 20 to 100 nanometres (one-millionth of a millimetre) in diameter. By way of comparison, the human hair is around 50,000 nanometres in diameter. Using the new technology, the researchers constructed a nano-sized sphere, rod, helical spiral and bottle, for example, and a DNA-printed version of the Stanford Bunny model, a test structure frequently used in 3D modelling.
To carry out the computation, the team at the Department of Computer Science utilised the computer capacity of the Triton computing cluster of the Aalto University School of Science.
